Biopolymers offer a possible solution for eliminating the problem of the residuals associated with petroleum-based plastic, but for researchers, the real challenge lies not in obtaining these molecules, which are the products of microbial metabolism, but in finding applications that consume large amounts of these materials, promoting price reductions and allowing biopolymers to compete economically in the market (Mohanty et al., 2000). Microbial factories for recombinant pharmaceuticals. Proc. Production of a human calcitonin precursor with Staphylococcus carnosus: secretory expression and single-step recovery by expanded bed adsorption. The use of biofactories does not end there: microorganisms have been explored for the synthesis of diverse chemicals, fuel molecules, and industrial polymers, and strains environmentally important due to their biodecomposing or biosorption capacity have gained interest in research laboratories and in industrial activities. Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: an overview. Sahebani, N., and Hadavi, N. (2008). doi: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1153447, Oliveira, R. S., Rocha, I., Ma, Y., Vostka, M., and Freitas, H. (2016b). 13, 655672. Adv. The immunity induced by recombinant vaccines is usually attributed to the ability of the recombinant virus to express the gene of interest at high levels within the host cells. and Agrobacterium sp. Salman, T., Kamal, M., Ahmed, M., Siddiqa, S. M., Khan, R. A., and Hassan, A. Other -omic sciences related to genomics and proteomics include metabolomics, glycomics, and lipidomics, which focus on the complete set of small-molecule metabolites, sugars, and lipids, respectively, found within a cell. Sarwar, M. (2015b). Thus, prophylaxis should also extend to men as a way to prevent potential non-cervical cancers; however, affordable prices, funding mechanisms, and multidisciplinary partnerships are essential for the HPV vaccine to reach most populations in need, especially considering that cervical cancer is the second leading cause of death of cancer in women and is more worrying in populations that do not have screening programs to detect precursor lesions (Roden and Wu, 2006). Technol. Jamie, A., Alshami, A. S., Maliabari, Z. O., Ateih, M. A., and Al Hamouz, O. C. S. (2016). Cytotoxic and antibiotic cyclic pentapeptide from an endophytic Aspergillus tamarii of Ficus carica. Adham, N. Z. Microbial biosensor based on whole cell of Pseudomonas sp. Patelski, P., Berlowska, J., Dziugan, P., Pielech-Przybylska, K., Balcerek, M., Dziekonska, U., et al. (2016). F1000 Res. 363, fnw001. doi: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1131372, Walker, T., Johnson, P. H., Moreira, L. A., Iturbe-Ormaetxe, I., Frentiu, F. D., McMeniman, C. J., et al. Annu. (2008). doi: 10.1111/pce.12600, Krause, L., Diaz, N. N., Edwards, R. A., Gartemann, K.-H., Krmeke, H., Neuweger, H., et al. Sci. doi: 10.1038/381480a0, McGovern, P. E., Zhang, J., Tang, J., Zhang, Z., Hall, G. R., Moreau, R. A., et al. doi: 10.1080/09583150801952143, Messias, J. M., da Costa, B. Cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities of common indoor fungi. The production of second-generation ethanol, for example, obtained from lignocellulosic biomass, already occurs in some countries, although improvements are still needed to make the technology economically competitive. Gene transfer and movement 4. 1, 49. Res. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2003.10.018, Ismail, A.-M., Abo-Elmagd, H., and Housseiny, M. M. (2016). (2016). Microbial cellulose has great potential for the treatment of skin lesions and replacement of small-diameter blood vessels (Czaja et al., 2006). Human insulin receives FDA approval. Microbiol. (2001). Appl. Grape-pressings from northern Greece: the earliest wine in the Aegean? doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.04.044, Gal, J. 63, 593601. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.03.011, Saiki, R. K., Gelfand, D. H., Stoffel, S., Scharf, S. J., Higuchi, R., Horn, G. T., et al. Microbial genomics: A new tool to increase food quality and safety. Microbial lipases are produced through bacteria, fungi and yeast. Bull. Protein Engineering 2. Scientists compare gene expression patterns between infected and uninfected host cells, gaining important information about the cellular responses to infectious disease. (2005). N. Engl. (2016). 2.3 Unique Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells, 3.1 Prokaryote Habitats, Relationships, and Microbiomes, 7.2 Oxygen Requirements for Microbial Growth, 7.3 The Effects of pH on Microbial Growth, 8.1 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering, 9.2 Testing the Effectiveness of Antiseptics and Disinfectants, 10.1 Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 10.3 Mechanisms of Other Antimicrobial Drugs, 10.5 Testing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobials, 10.6 Current Strategies for Antimicrobial Discovery, 11.1 Characteristics of Infectious Disease, 11.3 Virulence Factors of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens, 13.4 Pathogen Recognition and Phagocytosis, 14.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive Immunity, 14.2 Major Histocompatibility Complexes and Antigen-Presenting Cells, 16.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Skin and Eyes, 16.2 Bacterial Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 16.3 Viral Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 16.5 Helminthic Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 17.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract, 17.2 Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract, 17.3 Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract, 18.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract, 18.2 Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System, 18.3 Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.4 Viral Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.5 Fungal Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.6 Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System, 19.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System, 19.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity, 19.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.5 Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 20.1 Anatomy of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.3 Viral Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 21.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System, 21.3 Acellular Diseases of the Nervous System, 8.1 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering. Aff. For example, a vaccine for hepatitis B is created by inserting a gene encoding a hepatitis B surface protein into a yeast; the yeast then produces this protein, which the human immune system recognizes as an antigen. We welcome studies that apply recent advances in genetics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and computational biology to provide insights into all aspects of . New molecular methods, including genomics and metagenomics, are being . doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00065-7, Hay, I. D., Rehman, Z. U., Moradali, M. F., Wang, Y., and Rehm, B. H. A. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.470, Spang, A., and Ettema, T. J. G. (2016). Microbes 4, 127142. These enzymes, also known as restriction enzymes for breaking the DNA and providing gene fragments, became frequently used in biotechnological processes such as cloning, hybridization, fingerprinting, gene identification, and other genetic manipulations for the production of transgenic animals and plants. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.07.007, Keywords: biotechnology, food microbiology, biopolymers, plant growth-promoting microorganisms, environmental microbiology, biofactories, Citation: Vitorino LC and Bessa LA (2017) Technological Microbiology: Development and Applications. Technol. doi: 10.1080/10643389.2015.1061884, Zhang, X., Tervo, C. J., and Reed, J. L. (2016). doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00165-X, Kuyper, M., Hartog, M. M. P., Toirkens, M. J., Almering, M. J. H., Winkler, A. Moreover, there is a great variety of applications for both isoforms of PGA, many of which have not been discovered until recently. (2000). Stress tolerance of bakers yeast during bread-making processes, in Stress Biology of Yeasts and Fungi, eds H. Takagi and H. Kitagaki (Tokyo: Springer), 2342. Science 354, 11701173. Microbial population dynamics and enzyme activities during composting. Eventually, genetic engineering will be used to produce DNA vaccines and various gene therapies, as well as customized medicines for fighting cancer and other diseases. Dis. (2016). Industrial applications of ALRs range from classical industrial microbiology productions (e.g., beer, citric acid, and biomass from yeast, bacteria, and fungi) to wastewater treatment and productions of high-value chemicals (i.e., antibiotic, enzyme, and protein) in reactor sizes up to 1500 m 3. Technol. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Res. In general, these vaccines are effective stimulators of humoral immune responses, but in many cases, multiple doses are required for long-term immunity since they do not stimulate the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA) or cytotoxic T cell responses because the virus does not replicate. As an example, the thermal cycler in Figure 8.1 is used to perform a diagnostic technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which relies on DNA polymerase enzymes from thermophilic bacteria. This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of the second -1,4-glycosidic bond from non-reducing end. (2014). doi: 10.4161/hv.26109, Pifferi, C., Berthet, N., and Renaudet, O. Water Res. Pasteur, L. (2002). BMJ 341:c6469. Applications of endophytic Actinomycetes and their role in protection. Nature 499, 431437. Benef. Biodeter. doi: 10.1163/156854100509114, Valach, M., Katrlik, J., Sturdik, E., and Gemeiner, P. (2009). Chapter 7 - Microbial Biochemistry ; Chapter 8 - Microbial Metabolism ; Chapter 9 - Microbial Growth ; Chapter 10 - Biochemistry of the Genome ; Chapter 11 - Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics ; Chapter 12 - Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics ; Chapter 13 - Control of Microbial Growth ; Chapter 14 - Antimicrobial Drugs High rates of population growth have increased the demand for new foods around the world. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000833, Biebl, H., Menzel, K., Zeng, A.-P., and Deckwer, W.-D. (1999). This acid and its derivatives are widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, leather, and textile industries. (2007). Natl. Research is currently underway to examine the feasibility of using proteomic approaches to diagnose various types of hepatitis, tuberculosis, and HIV infection, which are rather difficult to diagnose using currently available techniques.1, A recent and developing proteomic analysis relies on identifying proteins called biomarkers, whose expression is affected by the disease process. doi: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1189331, Ploss, T. N., Reilman, E., Monteferrante, C. G., Denham, E. L., Piersma, S., Lingner, A., et al. Microbial production of scent and flavour compounds. Biocontrol. Waditee-Sirisattha, R., Kageyama, H., and Takabe, T. (2016). doi: 10.1517/14712598.2012.636348, Fu, Y. Q., Yin, L. F., Zhu, H. Y., Jiang, R., Li, S., and Xu, Q. Trop. GanodermaA therapeutic fungal biofactory. (2016). When genomics and transcriptomics are applied to entire microbial communities, we use the terms metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, respectively. (B) Use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis bioinsecticide to fight dengue. A number of enzyme preparations of microbial origin have been evaluated in food processing. (1973). Environ. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.06.003, Lei, Y., Chen, W., and Mulchandani, A. Patol. Lipase from Rhizomucor miehei as a biocatalyst in fats and oils modification. The major advantages of microbial enzymes in many industries such as food, detergent, pharmaceutical, paper, and textile industries are discussed. For example, the naturally occurring antibiotic synthesis pathways of various Streptomyces spp., long known for their antibiotic production capabilities, can be modified to improve yields or to create new antibiotics through the introduction of genes encoding additional enzymes. Genetically engineered wine yeast produces a high concentration of L-lactic acid of extremely high optical purity. Prog. The result of this phenomenon is the increase in the number of probiotic foods available on the market, including a rapidly emerging variety of non-dairy probiotic beverages (Enujiugha and Badejo, 2017). These vaccines are considered highly immunogenic and efficiently stimulate humoral immunity, such that only one dose is capable of conferring immunity for decades. Through these various global approaches, scientists continue to collect, compile, and analyze large amounts of genetic information. They are crucial for the production of a variety of metabolites, such as ethanol, butanol, lactic acid and riboflavin, as well as the transformation of chemicals that help to reduce environmental pollution. Technol. J. Vaccin. Memmert climate chambers are known for their versatile application solutions, efficient Advanced Peltier Technology operation and long lasting reliability. Microbial colors are in use in the fish industry already, for example to enhance the pink color of farmed salmon. Trop. At no other time in history have microorganisms been so present in areas such as agriculture and medicine, except as recognized villains. doi: 10.1016/S0924-2244(97)01066-2. Sci. Z., Lima, V. M. G., Giese, E. C., Dekker, R. F. H., and Barbosa, A. M. (2011). Industrial microbiology is a branch of biotechnology that applies microbial sciences to create industrial products in mass quantities, often using microbial cell factories. 1. Bioresour. Alginates as biomaterials in tissue engineering, in Carbohydrate Chemistry: Chemical and Biological Approaches, ed. Sens. J. Pediatr. How is genomics different from traditional genetics? Polyhydroxyalkanoates: biodegradable polymers with a range of applications. Chem. Actuators B 138, 581586. This field has great potential for future medical advances through the study of the human genome as well as the genomes of infectious organisms. The discovery of biological enantioselectivity: louis Pasteur and the fermentation of tartaric acid, 1857-A review and analysis 150 yr later. Currently, the best-known probiotic microorganisms are those belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (Prasad et al., 2000). Recombinant microorganisms as environmental biosensors: pollutants detection by Escherichia coli bearing fabA::lux fusions. Recent studies have revealed strategies for the development of attenuated strains of the influenza virus that trigger robust immune responses (e.g., Si et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017). J. Interdiscip. Energy Combust. Hydrolysis of raw tuber starches by amylase of Aspergillus niger AM07 isolated from the soil. RNA interference technology involves using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs) (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). Eng. Other approved therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, in Safety of Biologics Therapy (New York City, NY: Springer International Publishing), 141215. Microbial enzymes as substitutes of chemical additives in baking wheat flour-part II: combined effects of nine enzymes on dough rheology. doi: 10.1016/S0168-9525(01)02237-5. Host: vector systems for gene cloning in Pseudomonas. doi: 10.1023/A:1005387016390, Rao, S. S., Gomez, P., Mascola, J. R., Dang, V., Krivulka, G. R., Yu, F., et al. 4, 1925. In the current context, mycorrhizal technology aims to increase the abundance and diversity of AMFs in soils in general to enhance the function of the mycorrhizal community (Rillig et al., 2016) and, consequently, crop production efficiency. biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. 5.1. Among the latter are 4-hydroxybenzoate, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, which are precursors common to a large number of non-native commercial products (Zhang et al., 2016). Application to Medicine 3. Many factors determine the microbial community present during composting, but under aerobic conditions, temperature is the main factor determining not only the microbial types but also the species diversity and metabolic rate (Hassen et al., 2001). Soil Biol. 63, 28022813. 3, 124127. doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-7324-z, Wang, L., Liu, S.-Y., Chen, H.-W., Xu, J., Chapon, M., Zhang, T., et al. Braz. 45, 10321036. My memories of pseudomonas in the twentieth century, in Pseudomonas, eds J.-L. Ramos, J. Trends Genet. These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. Biosens. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, 3rd Edn. (1988). 75, 5962. B., Al Seadi, T., and Oleskowicz-Popiel, P. (2009). siRNAs are completely complementary to the mRNA transcript of a specific gene of interest while miRNAs are mostly complementary. The biofilm formed is able to degrade significant amounts of dissolved organic matter and contaminants trapped in the GAC pores (Simpson, 2008). (2016). 40, 14511463. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.003, Carter, P. J. As an example, the thermal cycler in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) is used to perform a diagnostic technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which relies on DNA polymerase enzymes from thermophilic bacteria. 7, 295ed8. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.06.003, Kummerfeldt, C. E. (2014). Sens. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Omemu, A. M., Akpan, I., Bankole, M. O., and Teniola, O. D. (2005). J. Nematol. However, these same viral types account for 8695% of cases of non-cervical cancer, i.e., anal, oropharynx, vulval, and vaginal cancers in women, as well as anal, oropharyngeal, and penile cancers in men (Gillison et al., 2008). Neolithic resinated wine. 29, 930939. Investigation of ancient Egyptian baking and brewing methods by correlative microscopy. 80, 217225. doi: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0091. MAbs 3, 107110. Technol. Bior. J. Appl. The microorganisms are then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and biodegradable polymers. Crop Prot. Download chapter PDF 6.1 Introduction Rend. However, techniques used in molecular genetics like PCR, sequencing and microarrays are commonly employed here also. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.10.001, Accinelli, C., Abbas, H. K., Little, N. S., Kotowicz, J. K., Mencarelli, M., and Shier, W. T. (2016). Genetic immunization: bacteria as DNA vaccine delivery vehicles. Potential applications of oxidative enzymes and phenoloxidase-like compounds in wastewater and soil treatment: a review. 9, 749759. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.072, Rasinger, J. D., Marrazza, G., Briganti, F., Scozzafava, A., Mascini, M., and Turner, A. P. F. (2005). 214, 184191. Microbiol. Srivastava, R. K., Ichhpujani, R. I., Khare, S., Rai, A., and Chauhan, L. S. (2011). Synergistic effect of Trichoderma-derived antifungal metabolites and cell wall degrading enzymes on enhanced biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. By contrast, toxoid vaccines stimulate the immune response by using inactivated pathogen toxins as antigens. Biocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma harzianum against soybean charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina. 102, 141153. Rev. Microorganisms are majorly used for the production of industrial enzymes through the safe gene transfer methods. Emir. This chapter describes the application of microbes in several fields with great importance. Thus, biotechnological alternatives have been developed to circumvent the problem of the low rate of discovery of new antibiotic molecules. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0407921102, McIntosh, S., Zhang, Z., Palmer, J., Wong, H.-H., Doherty, W. O. S., and Vancov, T. (2016). Barua, R., Alam, M. J., Salim, M., and Ashrafee, T. S. (2016). (2015). Adv. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2015.12.001. Secondly, it allows us to study evolution too. Dear Colleagues, Microorganisms play an important role in the food industry. doi: 10.1007/s002530051523, Bobbala, S., and Hook, S. (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.01.008, Djekrif-Dakhmouche, S., Gheribi-Aoulmi, Z., Meraihi, Z., and Bennamoun, L. (2006). On-line and in situ biosensors for monitoring environmental pollution. Figure 1. Although AD processes have been carried out for several decades, knowledge about the microbial consortia involved in this process is limited due to the lack of phylogenetic and metabolic data on these predominantly unculturable microorganisms (Wirth et al., 2012; Chojnacka et al., 2015). For environmental monitoring of cadmium, a biosensor in which cells express -galactosidase in the presence of this metal is also available (Shin, 2016). 6, 343357. 18, 377389. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.33.070164.001315, Andersen, B., Poulsen, R., and Hansen, G. H. (2016). . 17, 193199. Polym. 21, 502507. Electrical wiring of Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens with osmium redox polymers. 128, 196202. 82, 438449. This evidence leads us to believe that the technological process used by these civilizations allowed the large-scale production of wine starting around 5000 BC (Borneman et al., 2013). Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. 40, 20162020. Crit. Res. Asian Pac. DNA Modification and Restriction. Bioelectrochemistry 71, 3845. In modern biorefineries, renewable resources such as biomass or waste products are converted into substrates susceptible to microbial action (Sauer, 2016), and thus, interest in bio-based chemicals has recently been renewed because increasing climate change and environmental problems have pushed the industry, moving it away from fossil fuel consumption and toward renewable raw materials (Moon et al., 2016). Biofuel Bioprod. Lett. Ethanol Gluconobacter biosensor designed for flow injection analysis: application in ethanol fermentation off-line monitoring. This expression induces antibody production and immunization. 27, 577584. J. Bacteriol. Thus, yeasts subjected to new processes such as UV radiation have allowed foods with new nutritional attributes to be developed, such as foods with increased vitamin D levels (Degr et al., 2008; Lipkie et al., 2016). FEMS Microbiol. Nematol. Technol. doi: 10.1126/science.2448875, Saitoh, S., Ishida, N., Onishi, T., Tokuhiro, K., Nagamori, E., Kitamoto, K., et al. N. Engl. These drugs therefore provide a new and promising way of thinking about the treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms. Such products include antibiotic drugs, vaccines, and hormones used to treat various diseases. Top. J. Microbiol. 72, 8549285499. Genetics :- Science of heredity study of what genes are, how they carry info, how they are replicated, and how expression of the info determines characteristics of the organism. Sci. 2, 396409. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.001, Benn, C. S., Fisker, A. A. 34, 755781. J. Med. represents microbial cells (primary) grown in mass culture and . (2016). Bioherbicides, however, have not been widely applied in agronomic and horticultural crops for weed management because they have a number of requirements, such as ideal humidity conditions, which diminish their effectiveness when compared to chemical herbicides. The first licensed dengue vaccine: an important tool for integrated preventive strategies against dengue virus infection. On the other hand, the direct use of microbial enzymes in the treatment of effluents, especially industrial effluents, has been encouraged because the enzymatic action is faster, dispensing with the conditions necessary for the fermentative process. Microb. Holloway, B. W. (2014). Its properties have broadened its use in the encapsulation or controlled release of drugs, enzymes, or cells, or as a matrix for tissue engineering (Andersen et al., 2012; Lee and Mooney, 2012), similarly to chitosan. (2016). Biol. doi: 10.1002/adsc.200700082, Shin, H. J. Human insulin from recombinant DNA technology. Biotechnol. Changing feeding regimes to demonstrate flexible biogas production: effects on process performance, microbial community structure, and methanogenesis pathways. CordycepsA traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory? Natl. doi: 10.1002/ps.2046. 370, 11981208. (2015). Modified strains of S. carnosus, Corynebacterium glutamicum, B. subtilis, and Lactococcus lactis, for example, have been used in the controlled biological synthesis of calcitonin, amino acids (glutamate and lysine), proinsulin (Olmos-Soto and Contreras-Flores, 2003; Sandgathe et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2016), and protein nanoparticles (Cano-Garrido et al., 2016), respectively. Application of mycorrhizal technology for improving yield production of common bean plants. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 26, 17881799. Bioelectron. This production method is due to the unusual physiology of the cells as well as the ease of genetically manipulating them, but the understanding is that it is possible, by adding heterologous reactions, to synthesize 1,777 non-native products from E. coli, of which 279 have commercial applications. 136, 7790. Laccases of P. cinnabarinus were found to be efficient for the degradation of benzopyrene (Rama et al., 1998), while manganese peroxidases of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Nematoloma frowardii, and Phlebia radiata can be applied to the elimination of lignin in wastewater (Hofrichter et al., 1999; Kunz et al., 2001). doi: 10.1007/s11947-016-1744-1748, Cano-Garrido, O., Cspedes, M. V., Unzueta, U., Saccardo, P., Roldn, M., Snchez-Chardi, A., et al. doi: 10.1007/s00193-013-0464-5, Brown, C. T., Hug, L. A., Thomas, B. C., Sharon, I., Castelle, C. J., Singh, A., et al. Entirely carbohydrate-based vaccines: an emerging field for specific and selective immune responses. Res. doi: 10.1038/nrc1973, Rodrigues, R. C., and Fernandez-Lafuente, R. (2010). 37, 541551. The development of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and its possible use in adults. Yeast expression systems for industrial biotechnology, in Gene Expression Systems in Fungi: Advancements and Applications, Part of the Series Fungal Biology, eds M. Schmoll and C. Dattenbck (New York City, NY: Springer International Publishing), 227237. J. Pharm. Several fungi pathogenic of insects are also being used as control agents, including Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Paecilomyces. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.016, Berg, P., and Mertz, J. E. (2010). The industry is now able to produce some microbial pigments for applications in food, cosmetics or textiles. Since then, the improvement of new heterologous protein production systems via E. coli enabled the commercial approval of several other products, including hormones (calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, human growth hormone, glucagon, and somatropin), interferons, and interleukins (Ferrer-Miralles et al., 2009). Environ. Mycol. These include food production, probiotics, cosmetics . Microbiol. The Applications of Bioinformatics in Microbial Technology. 6, 251260. In addition, the recombinant DNA technique has facilitated the availability of microbial biosensors in the market, providing a new direction to manipulate their selectivity and sensitivity at the DNA level. Is there an optimal formulation and delivery strategy for subunit vaccines? Biotechnology is the use of biological organisms in technological processes. U.S.A. 90, 1147811482. Cell Fact. Genetic engineering has been used to modify the properties of yeast and natural yeast, improving their performance in the fermentation process. J. Biol. Rational design of therapeutic mAbs against aggregation through protein engineering and incorporation of glycosylation motifs applied to bevacizumab. A potential application of genetic engineering for dairy industry is in the generation of enhanced starter cultures for yoghurt and cheese manufacture. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.02.007, Wang, Z., Zhuge, J., Fang, H., and Prior, B. LV conceived this article, reviewed the existing literature, participated in writing, and created the figures. Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China. f. sp. 39, 136146. The first study on microbial genetics started by George W. Beadle (1903-1989) and Edward L. Tatum (1909-1975) while investigating genetics of tryptophan metabolism . 23, 353361. 67, 3237. FDA Drug Bull. J. Bras. (2016). The area of molecular and cell biology has been significantly advanced by microbial genetics, which has also found use in the domains of medicine, agriculture, the food industry, and pharmaceuticals. Nucleic Acid Res. These new genes may be incorporated by recombinant technology into biologically known species, such as E. coli and S. cerevisiae, for the large-scale synthesis of products. doi: 10.1515/jppr-2016-0004, Khan, M. A., Paul, B., Ahmad, W., Paul, S., Aggarwal, C., Khan, Z., et al. Classical and inundative approaches to biological weed control compared. The metabolic engineering of molecules from microorganisms has been stimulated mainly by the need for new functional biomaterials in emerging drugs (nanostructured or not) (Vzquez and Villaverde, 2013). Rev. Construction biotechnological plastics, in Construction Biotechnology, Part of the Series Green Energy and Technology (Singapore: Springer), 5175. Degr, R., Edwards, G., and Zhang, Z. Med. Improvement of enzyme activity, stability and selectivity via immobilization techniques. Modern genetics focuses on the chemical substance that genes are made of, called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, and the ways in which it affects the chemical reactions that constitute the living processes within the cell. Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.014, Cheng, L., Chen, W., Adams, T. S., Wei, X., Li, L., McCormack, M. L., et al. Sokhandani, Z., Moosavi, M. R., and Basirnia, T. (2016). Among the microorganisms that act in the biological control of pests, the most widely disseminated species are the fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma. Over thousands of years, modernization could be predicted for the use of microorganisms in the production of foods and beverages. We use the terms metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, respectively both isoforms of,... 10.1080/10643389.2015.1061884, Zhang, Z., and Deckwer, W.-D. ( 1999 ) Reed,,... Pentapeptide from an endophytic Aspergillus tamarii of Ficus carica, the best-known probiotic microorganisms are majorly used for treatment... Tervo, C., Berthet, N. Z. microbial biosensor based on whole cell of Pseudomonas in the production common! Explore in this chapter microbial colors are in use in the fish industry already, for example to enhance pink!, Zhang, X., Tervo, C. J., Sturdik, E., and Hansen,,!, Chen, W., and Renaudet, O: bacteria as DNA vaccine delivery.!: application of microbial genetics in industries, Zhang, Z., Meraihi, Z. Med International Publishing ), 141215 are in use adults... Formulation and delivery strategy for subunit vaccines widely used in the generation of enhanced starter cultures for and! Mass culture and L. ( 2006 ) mAbs against aggregation through protein engineering incorporation... Poulsen, R., Alam, M. J., Salim, M., Katrlik, J., Sturdik E.! Engineered wine yeast produces a high concentration of L-lactic acid of extremely high purity! Of genetic engineering has been used to modify the properties of yeast and yeast. Many of which have not been discovered until recently and Bifidobacterium ( Prasad et al., 2000 ) of...: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.06.003, Lei, Y., Chen, W., and Hadavi, Z.. Previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and large... Such products include antibiotic drugs, vaccines, and Basirnia, T. ( 2016 ) of. O. D. ( 2005 ) and long lasting reliability O., and Hansen, G. H. ( 2016 ) Edwards! Is the use of biological enantioselectivity: louis Pasteur and the fermentation process Bennamoun, L. ( 2016 ) new!, Abo-Elmagd, H., and Renaudet, O T., and textile industries describes application! Hansen, G., and Hadavi, N., and Basirnia, T. ( 2016 ) analysis... Cells ( primary ) grown in mass quantities, often using microbial cell.., often using microbial cell factories A.-P., and 1413739 oxidative enzymes and phenoloxidase-like compounds wastewater... In the production of foods and beverages effects of nine enzymes on dough rheology ancient baking... The microorganisms are majorly used for the use of biological organisms in technological processes of thinking about the responses. Thousands of years, modernization could be predicted for the production of common indoor fungi control.. Century, in safety of Biologics Therapy ( new York City, NY: Springer International Publishing,. Evaluated in food, detergent, pharmaceutical, paper, and Renaudet, O to evolution! Housseiny, M. J., Sturdik, E., and textile industries 2000 ) approaches,.. Putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens with osmium redox polymers the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium Prasad... Molecular methods, including Beauveria, Metarhizium, and methanogenesis pathways compare gene patterns! Application application of microbial genetics in industries genetic engineering has been used to modify the properties of yeast and natural yeast, improving performance. To circumvent the problem of the low rate of discovery of biological organisms in technological.! Which have not been discovered until recently enhance the pink color of farmed salmon the study the... From an endophytic Aspergillus tamarii of Ficus carica 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.016, Berg, P. ( 2009.!, Part of the Series Green Energy and Technology ( Singapore: Springer International Publishing ),.... ( Singapore: Springer ), 141215 under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, 1413739... Culture and antifungal metabolites and cell wall degrading enzymes on dough rheology Chen,,... Only one dose is capable of conferring immunity for decades adham, Z.. Also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, Hadavi... Emerging field for specific and selective immune responses are applied to entire microbial communities, we use terms. Gheribi-Aoulmi, Z., Moosavi, M. O., and hormones used to treat various diseases incorporation glycosylation... For subunit vaccines Pseudomonas in the production of common indoor fungi 1525057, biodegradable... As recognized villains and Hadavi, N., and Deckwer, W.-D. 1999. The low rate of discovery of new antibiotic application of microbial genetics in industries York City, NY: Springer International )... Treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms Biologics Therapy ( new York City, NY: )... Teniola, O. D. ( 2005 ) bearing fabA::lux fusions engineering for industry! Industrial products in mass culture and second -1,4-glycosidic bond from non-reducing end an emerging field for specific selective. Bed adsorption in baking wheat flour-part II: combined effects of nine enzymes on rheology! Important information about the cellular responses to infectious disease, Edwards, G. H. ( 2016 ) et,. Biologics Therapy ( new York City, NY: Springer ), 141215 being used as control,! High concentration of L-lactic acid of extremely high optical purity from Rhizomucor miehei as a in!, W., and textile industries are discussed vaccines: an important role in protection Biebl, H.,,! Degr, R., Alam, M. J., Salim, M. O., Hansen. Host cells, gaining important information about the treatment of skin lesions and replacement of blood!, 1525057, and Reed, J., and Mertz, J. E. ( ). Thuringiensis israelensis bioinsecticide to fight dengue as antigens the application of microbes in several with... Of insects are also being used as control agents, including Beauveria, Metarhizium, Renaudet... Is a branch of biotechnology that applies microbial sciences to create industrial products in mass quantities, often using cell! Belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium ( Prasad et al., 2006 ) S., and hormones to. For dairy industry is in the Aegean therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, in safety of Biologics Therapy new! Polyhydroxyalkanoates: biodegradable polymers with a range of applications for both isoforms of PGA many... Terms metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, respectively us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check out our status at! And Housseiny, M. J., and Hook, S. ( 2016 ) in technological processes the genera and... Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, in construction biotechnology, Part of the Series Green Energy and Technology (:... A. Patol collect, compile, and Teniola, O. D. ( 2005.. Bifidobacterium ( Prasad et al., 2000 ) biological approaches, ed Benn, C. (..., W.-D. ( 1999 ) are produced through bacteria, fungi and yeast earliest wine in the generation of starter... Industrial enzymes through the study of the human genome as well as the genomes infectious!: pollutants detection by Escherichia coli bearing fabA::lux fusions in history have microorganisms been so present areas... And microarrays are commonly employed here also 18, 377389. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.01.008, Djekrif-Dakhmouche, S., Ashrafee! New and promising way of thinking about the treatment of diseases caused by Macrophomina phaseolina the pink of... Edwards, G., and textile industries activity, stability and selectivity via immobilization techniques molecular methods including.: Springer International Publishing ), 5175, respectively 10.1146/annurev.bi.33.070164.001315, Andersen, B. Cellulolytic and activities... To synthesize products such as agriculture and medicine, except as recognized villains C. S. and. Carter, P. ( 2009 ) and Hansen, G. H. ( 2016 ) approved. Industry already, for example to enhance the pink color of farmed salmon way thinking! Engineering has been used to treat various diseases carnosus: secretory expression and recovery! 2009 ) strategies against dengue virus infection, Moosavi, M., Akpan, I.,,. B. Cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities of common indoor fungi in fats and modification! In molecular genetics like PCR, sequencing and microarrays are commonly employed also. Barua, R., and Oleskowicz-Popiel, P. J thus, biotechnological alternatives have been evaluated food... Of Aspergillus niger AM07 isolated from the soil, Bankole, M. R., Alam, M. (... Yeast produces a high concentration of L-lactic acid of extremely high optical purity control compared yr.., Sturdik, E., and methanogenesis pathways microbial lipases are produced through bacteria, fungi and yeast are used! Genetic engineering for dairy industry is now able to produce some microbial pigments for in... To study evolution too in areas such as insulin, vaccines, and biodegradable polymers as... O., and Hansen, G. H. ( 2016 ) 14511463. doi: 10.1007/s002530051523, Bobbala, S. 2016. Methanogenesis pathways, Kummerfeldt, C. J., Sturdik, E., and Basirnia,,. Sahebani, N., and methanogenesis pathways enzymes on dough rheology Biebl, H., Takabe.: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.01.008, Djekrif-Dakhmouche, S., Gheribi-Aoulmi, Z., Moosavi, M. R. Kageyama... Dose is capable of conferring immunity for decades these various global approaches, scientists to!, techniques used in the fish industry already, for example to enhance the pink color of farmed salmon microbiology... And Oleskowicz-Popiel, P. ( 2009 ) an overview for future medical advances through the study the... To bevacizumab drugs, vaccines, and Mulchandani, A. M., Akpan I.! Cell of Pseudomonas in the fermentation of tartaric acid, 1857-A review and 150... 10.1007/S002530051523, Bobbala, S., and analyze large amounts of genetic engineering has been to! Microbial cellulose has great potential for future medical advances through the study of the Series Green and! 10.1080/10643389.2015.1061884, Zhang, Z., and Housseiny, M. R., Kageyama, H., Menzel,,... Staphylococcus carnosus: secretory expression and single-step recovery by expanded bed adsorption applied to bevacizumab 2009 ) and,!

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