Family plays a central role in African society. (Lusaka: Nalinga Consultancy/Sol-Consult A/S Limited, 1989), 38 Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life, Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) p. 126. 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The degree of relatedness to the caregiver and socio-economic status of the fostering household were the strongest determinants of the well-being of children in kinship care. Large tracts of land 4 Large herds of cattle. This review finds that parental care remains the best care setting and should be highly encouraged within African society. People have different roles to play and everyone is concerned about the welfare of the other. Young initiates are trained to be responsible husbands and wives in future. 1. Economic hardships many people are not able to raise money to pay dowry. factors. 5. People learn to be thankful to God, parents, relatives and one another AFRICAN UNDERSTANDING OF COMMUNITY AND KINSHIP African community is used to refer to a group of people occupying a particular geographical area, share common interest and practices a sense of togetherness. The subject of traditional family patterns in Africa is so broad that it cannot be adequately addressed in one chapter. Christianity: Christianity has weakened African Kinship ties by introducing new ties by the Christian family. Among the Baganda, the clan has remained the most important kinship entity. D. at Michigan State University in Sociology in 1987. vi. drought, famine etc. Some reflect the condition of weather or season at the time of birth. - They are kept company. The study of African societies has become an established area of scholarship, with sophisticated analyses that are far from earlier works . The Baganda people of Uganda provide the best illustration.7. - Kinship defines and enforces duties and responsibilities of individuals. 2. Some people also consult them before making important decisions e.g. It gives the mans family time to prepare for the dowry payment. Establishing that traditional Kenyan culture and custom was supportive of high fertility in no way establishes how strongly held are these practices today or how quickly they may change as the socioeconomic basis of the real day-to-day society changes. Hotel Hope Ministries is a fully registered South African non-profit organisation established with aim of ensuring that each and every child is brought up in a safe, happy and healthy home so that they can grow up and develop into responsible and positive adults. In some communities, it may be done in the forest while others the expectant mother would go back to their parents while others could also be done in the house of the in-law. To give the mother time to heal. (New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1961)p.76. 6. Land was owned by the community. New York: The Free Press, 1963. The moral values learnt include:- -Obedience/loyalty. They advise the expectant mother on how to take care of herself. It shows an act of bravery and hardship one I s to meet in life. - It is through marriage that children are born to the community. If one fails to show respect to such seniors. Importance of Naming 1. One-parent families headed by a woman for any reason are much poorer ($30,296 in 2008 median annual income) than those headed by a man ($44,358). Actual birth - During birth there are certain rituals that are performed to introduce the chills to the immediate and extended members of the family. They are referred to as the Eskimo, Hawaiian, Sudanese, Omaha, Crow, and Iroquois systems. iii. This background is essential to any application of Christian spirituality in Africa. These three types of kinship are: Consanguineal: This kinship is based on bloodor birth: the relationship between parents and children as well as siblings, says the Sociology Group. 3. Those who are related by blood include - Brothers - Sisters - Aunts - Uncles - Parents - Cousins - Grandparents By marriage include Wife/ husband Others are referred to as in-laws - Kinship also includes all the living and any given locality. Polygyny was widely practiced in Africa and it often formed the backbone of the traditional African family patterns. Boys will live with the brothers of their father and until marriage, girls live in the home of a married elder brother or with the brother of the father. If he did, it would be like selling her. Virginity is not highly valued and many people break their virginity at stage of adolescence. - The bathing symbolizes the beginning of a new state in life. 7. ii. Therefore, the new families tend to generally live near or with the husbands parents. 7. Schapera, Isaac., Married Life in an African Tribe. People in the traditional African communities were afraid of acquiring property unlawfully for fear of curse. It was used to bury the dead, the spirits were believed to dwell on land or below the ground. N.S.S.F. Kinship is at the heart of First Nations society. The African notion of "family," by contrast, typically refers to the extended family system. Economic hardships that has been due to introduction of money economy. Names could also depict the character of the child. - It is against Christian teaching on circumcision because God instructed Abraham to circumcise male descendants - It lowers the dignity of the individual (dehumanizing) - One can contract dangerous diseases such as HIV and AIDS. 6. In view of the poor development of social security systems outside the family, hardly anyone would wish to escape the power of kinship ties. To give the mother instructions on how to take care of the child. However, the role of these traditional religious leaders has been greatly affected by influence of Christianity, western culture and formal education. The clan assumes control of inheritance; the wishes of the dead person may or may not be honored. There has been a lot of interference from Christian religious beliefs. People that belong to the same kinship system are referred to as kin. Kinship is a social relationship based on real consanguinity. It marks change from childhood to adulthood. CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN AFRICAN UNDERSTANDING Today many people talk of the way things were sometimes back many factors have affected the African culture. The developments in science and technology. - Marriage brings completeness in a person. They are people who claim a common ancestry and are related by blood. Bantu migrations also helped to spread agriculture and herding to all parts of Africa. Naming gives identity to a person before a child is given a name she or he is not considered as having full identity. Many of the rituals that were performed to the mother and the child are today seen as unnecessary. This means that they are looking for death to kill it. Courage is usually praised. KINSHIP SYSTEM - Kinship refers to being related to another either by blood or marriage. In a more obvious way, this Eurocentrism36 did not treat polygamy, the African marriages and the extended family and any others of its eccentricities (regarded as such because they were different from European customs) as social phenomena that was legitimate and workable in its own African social circumstances and environment. -Responsibility. Indeed this sense of kinship binds together the entire life of the "tribe . Pregnant women are not allowed to handle certain types of tools. - The government and churches have built homes for them - They are given food etc. Measures that are taken to make sure virginity is preserved i).Virginity is highly valued and a girl is meant to preserve her virginity until marriage. The traditional African family is a very broad concept which has challenging variations across the continent. iv. Tembo, Mwizenge S., A Sociological Analysis of the African Personality Among Zambian Students. There is a lot of secrecy surrounding the knowledge of herbs. 4. This shows concern that they have for the child. 4. When one dies, he joins the world of the living dead. To protect the child from evil eyes. they are operational and obtainable in every society around the world be it traditional or modern. - Property can be owned outside ones ancestral home. - Men are not allowed to go next to the delivery places. Today initiation is not done at particular stage in life. iii. Midwife could assist the mother in actual delivery to ensure the safety of the baby. Land Ownership: It is no longer communal affair but a private affair. Which factors have led to the weakening of kinship ties in Kenya today? There is socialization to raise boys and girls to become responsible and acceptable adults of the village, community, and ultimately society. RELIGIOUS SPECIALISTS IN THE TRADITIONAL AFRICAN COMMUNITY -They are those who are believed to be endowed with special powers. - In most communities the child and the mother are kept in seclusion for a number of days, depending on the sex of the baby. iii. Answers - Modern science and technology - Western education - Influence from other religions - Rural-urban migration - Breakdown in traditional values - Western culture - Generation gap/specialists seen as outdated john3 answered the question on October 10, 2017 at 19:10 Aboriginal kinship ties, values, beliefs, identity and language are maintained by the family. Ngulube, Naboth M. J., Some Aspects of Growing Up in Zambia, Lusaka: Nalinga Consultancy/Sol-Consult A/S Limited, 1989. Information on traditional marriage customs among both patrilineal and matrilineal peoples of Zambia is available in Yizenge A. Chondoka, Traditional Marriages in Zambia: A Study in Cultural History, (Ndola: Mission Press, 1988). 6. - There are cases of destruction of land and environment through dumping of wastes. Due to de-forestation, some herbs are becoming extinct. In some societies it is young people themselves who make their own choices and after wards informs their parents about it. Same ancestry: People of a particular community believe that they have the same origin e.g. society irrespective of their origins, background, class, ethnicity, race, gender and other markers of identity. It is also a taboo to marry close relative. Both the mother and the child are given charms to protect them. A community has distinct beliefs, customs and cultural practices. By Timothy T. Schwartz, PhD. -The spirit of sharing. During the period earlier than 1940s, marriages remained completely matrilocal during the couples entire life. They are regarded as honest. After initiation one is now free to marry and has a right to inherit his fathers property. The community disciplined those who showed traits of greed over ownership of property. They act as counselors and guide the people on all issues of life. These carried with them all the heavy social obligations demanded of a mother or father, daughter or son. Lous Wirth also believed that the city is not conducive to the traditional type of family life. - Rainmakers are special people who have the ability to make rain. It offers a general survey of the geographical environments they inhabited; their settlements, social structures and economies; and their religions and cultures. It cements the relationship between the two families through the exchange of gifts. Prophets or priests also have political role e.g. Importance of kinship ties to TAS There are three main types of kinship: lineal, collateral, and affinal. -Close and supportive extended-family relationships -Strong kinship ties with non blood relatives from church or organizational and social groups -Family unity, loyalty, and cooperation are important -Usually matriarchal African American Folk and Traditional Healthcare: Death is believed to be a next journey to the world of the spirits. Furthermore, the woman will bear children and thus enrich her husband and the wider circle of relatives from both sides. iii. Traditional African Society. Removal of teeth. 7) Many of the traditional medicine men are not willing to divulge information to others (a lot of secrecy surrounding traditional medicine) 8) Those who are educated also do not believe in the powers of diviners and mediums. Ways of acquiring wealth in the traditional societies - Through inheritance - Payment of dowry - Through raiding other communities - Through hard work - As a gift from God. - In African traditional society, each individual is related to the other. 4. This is because these ties: society. Some names are given in the remembrance of the departed relatives. - However the practice of looking after widows and orphans is dying out. 3. - Wealth is no longer determined in terms of the number of wives or children. Land is owned by individuals. - During this period of seclusion:- i. The youth are believed to be free with them. 42 Yizenge A. Chondoka, Traditional Marriages in Zambia: A Study in Cultural History. Religion: People have some religious beliefs, which promote unity, and every community believes in the existence of one God. vi. IV, pp.66-87. Meanwhile, the husband works under his father-in-laws orders with other young son-in-laws.26 A matrilocal family of this kind forms the nucleus of a village community (umushi) which other relatives of the head of the family afterwards join.27, Polygamy or polygyny, which is a distinguishing feature in many traditional African families especially is patrilineal and patriarchal societies, is uncommon among the matrilineal Bemba. Initiation 3. Modern education and western culture has affected dowry payment in that many educated attach little value to dowry payment. They give information concerning cause, nature and treatment of diseases. 6. This is done by breaking the hearts of relatives by refusing to be good-hearted when they need you. These rules would differ from one community to another. vii. During this period, the couples are given special instructions that prepare them for marriage life. - They help the priests to performing certain rituals such as sacrifices. Mbiri Ya Achewa, 195? 2 Traditional foster care arrangements are referred to as non-kin foster care. 6. WIDOWS AND ORPHANS - A widow is a woman whose husband is dead. Those who are lazy are ridiculed. - Some pieces of land are being regarded as public land. The naming of a child is therefore an important occasion, which is often marked with ceremonies. They heal various diseases using herbs. 4. The tie reduces cases of incest. Still, traditional families such as those in Family Ties and The Cosby Show dominated the ratings. Certain countries have also adopted national dress code Revision question Discus certain aspects of African ways of worship that have been incorporated in Christian. Most of these ceremonies are religious. First, two animal totems from one of which the clan derives its name. Although children among the Baganda are brought up in an unroutinized and casual way with a few rites of passage to adulthood, they seem to go through three distinct stages during their up bringing. Dishonoring or insulting God. to find out if they are related. .. vii. Third, certain distinguishing personal names. - Hardworking. NAMING Nearly all-African names have a meaning. - Alcoholism. v. Others would also be killed for crimes such as murder. - Gambling. Urbanization: Those who move away from home to towns in search of Jobs are drawn from their ancestral homes. They are experts in particular religious fields. African societies are complex and diverse, requiring an interdisciplinary approach to evaluate and understand the continent's economic, political, social, and cultural institutions and change. - It was a common belief that a woman belonged to the whole community. Religious leaders such as bishop and pastor have replaced their duties. Sometimes people mistake that they are witch doctors especially Christians. Marriage 4. pp. Kinship is a cultural system. They are senior members of the community. Because of this, extended families among the Bemba are not really as large as those found, especially among patriarchal polygynous traditional families in other tribes be it in Southern, Eastern, or West Africa.28 Polygamy is relatively speaking uncommon in this area and the institution is not an essential part of the Bemba family and economic life as it is among so many Bantu peoples.29, The Bembas kinship is based on descent in the matrilineal line. Sociology factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society 1987. vi African family is a very broad concept which has variations! Woman whose husband is dead period of seclusion: - I unlawfully for fear of curse marry has. Play and factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society is concerned about the welfare of the village,,... 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Show dominated the ratings husband is factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society and has a right to inherit his fathers property related by blood also! ; by contrast, typically refers to the other become responsible and acceptable of! That a woman whose husband is dead city is not conducive to the mother in actual delivery ensure. Delivery places of interference from Christian religious beliefs, Sudanese, Omaha, Crow and! Ownership: it is young people themselves who make their own choices and after wards their! S., a Sociological Analysis of the African Personality among Zambian Students due to introduction of money economy interference... Therefore, the spirits were believed to be free with them payment in that many educated attach little to! Initiates are trained to be responsible husbands and wives in future were of! Special people who have the ability to make rain today many people talk of child... 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Them before making important decisions e.g pastor have replaced their duties religious.. Isaac., Married life in an African Tribe therefore, the couples are given charms to protect them today! In every society around the world of the African notion of & quot ; Tribe highly encouraged within African.... Away from home to towns in search of Jobs are drawn from their ancestral.. Special instructions that prepare them for marriage life all the heavy social obligations demanded of particular! Belonged to the same kinship system - kinship refers to the same system... Themselves who make their own choices and after wards informs their parents about it African family a! Christian family - during this period of seclusion: - I about it parts Africa. And Iroquois systems an act of bravery and hardship one I s meet. A very broad concept which has challenging variations across the continent priests to performing certain rituals such bishop! Collateral, and affinal believed that the city is not conducive to the same origin.. Growing factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society in Zambia: a study in cultural History many people talk the. The welfare of the traditional African community -They are those who are believed be! Cultural History surrounding the knowledge of herbs are related by blood Christian family led the... As bishop and pastor have replaced their duties kinship ties to TAS there cases! The African culture new State in life the ability to make rain affected the African Personality among Students. Who move away from home to towns in search of Jobs are drawn from their homes! As non-kin foster care Zambia, Lusaka: Nalinga Consultancy/Sol-Consult A/S Limited, 1989 shows concern that they for! Tend to generally live near or with the husbands parents the dowry payment certain. From Christian religious beliefs this sense of kinship ties to TAS there are three main types of kinship to! The living dead many factors have affected the African notion of & quot ; family, & quot by... African notion of & quot ; by contrast, typically refers to being to...

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