started Project QKHILLTOP, with Harold G. Wolff as the director. [49] From 1963 to 1966, Saul Krugman of New York University promised the parents of mentally disabled children that their children would be enrolled into Willowbrook in exchange for signing a consent form for procedures that he claimed were "vaccinations". project qkhilltop summary. by castle neroche circular walk. This project was kept secret primarily because it would be a public relations disaster; as a result parents and family were not told what was being done with the body parts of their relatives. To test whether or not sulfuric acid, which is used in making molasses, was harmful as a food additive, the Louisiana State Board of Health commissioned a study to feed "Negro prisoners" nothing but molasses for five weeks. "Years Ago, The Military Sprayed Germs on U.S. Cities". [64], In 1953, the AEC sponsored a study to discover if radioactive iodine affected premature babies differently from full-term babies. Bartholow described his experiment as follows: When the needle entered the brain substance, she complained of acute pain in the neck. [61] Most of these tests were performed, funded, or supervised by the United States military, Atomic Energy Commission, or various other U.S. federal government agencies. In 1954 the C.I.A. The CIA used ancient Chinese brainwashing techniques and tried to brainwash people. Project QKHILLTOP was a human experiment performed on prisoners of the Korean War. Of particular interest was strontium-90 in the bones. The study was sponsored by the Public Health Service, the National Institutes of Health, the Pan American Health Sanitary Bureau (now the World Health Organization's Pan American Health Organization) and the Guatemalan government. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. In 1953, the CIA placed several of its interrogation and mind-control programs under the direction of a single program, known by the code name MKULTRA, after CIA director Allen Dulles complained about not having enough "human guinea pigs to try these extraordinary techniques". Cutler chose to do the study in Guatemala because he would not have been permitted to do it in the United States. [6] To test one of his theories about the causes of trismus in infants, Sims performed experiments where he used a shoemaker's awl to move around the skull bones of the babies of enslaved women. [116], Shortly thereafter, in 1950, the CIA initiated Project Bluebird, later renamed Project Artichoke, whose stated purpose was to develop "the means to control individuals through special interrogation techniques", "way[s] to prevent the extraction of information from CIA agents", and "offensive uses of unconventional techniques, such as hypnosis and drugs". If this principle is violated, the very least that society can do is to see that the victims are compensated, as best they can be, by the perpetrators. This project was done by the CIA the goal of this to gain entrance of the human mind and manipulating it. Webproject qkhilltop summary project qkhilltop summary. It is desired that no document be released which refers to experiments with humans and might have adverse effect on public opinion or result in legal suits. Many people in the American public were outraged when they learned of the experiments, and several congressional investigations took place, including the Church Committee and the Rockefeller Commission. On April 18, 1979, prompted by an investigative journalist's public disclosure of the Tuskegee syphilis experiments, the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (later renamed to Health and Human Services) released a report entitled Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research, written by Dan Harms. [116][131][132] Wolff requested that the CIA provide him any information they could find regarding "threats, coercion, imprisonment, deprivation, humiliation, torture, 'brainwashing', 'black psychiatry', and hypnosis, or any combination of these, with or without chemical agents." "You are not who you think you are" systematic attacks on someones sense of self. Led by Dr. Albert M. Kligman of the University of Pennsylvania, the studies were performed on behalf of Dow Chemical Company, the U.S. Army, and Johnson & Johnson. It was the CIA's new baby and they recruited one of the leading neurological scientists of the time. These were later called institutional review boards. George Hunter White, who oversaw drug experiments for the CIA as part of Operation Midnight Climax[133], Another of the MKULTRA subprojects, Operation Midnight Climax, consisted of a web of CIA-run safehouses in San Francisco, Marin, and New York which were established to study the effects of LSD on unconsenting individuals.

Making a person feel bad attacking constantly of sin. Project QK-Hilltop was a human experimental program that was used in the CIA. Anthony Rory Tran.

[169], The 1846 journals of Walter F. Jones of Petersburg, Virginia, describe how he poured boiling water onto the backs of naked slaves afflicted with typhoid pneumonia, at four-hour intervals, because he thought that this might "cure" the disease by "stimulating the capillaries".

The report stated that: "Research and medical experimentation on detainees was used to measure the effects of large-volume waterboarding and adjust the procedure according to the results."

One project involved vesicants, one involved phosgene, and five were experiments which involved nerve agents; all seven were approved. [1] The early studies were reported as having been conducted at Cornell University through their medical school's Human Ecology Arizona Department of Education The Arizona Department of Education is a service organization committed to raising academic outcomes and empowering parents. Many of these experiments violated US law. It made several recommendations to help prevent future occurrences of similar events. Many of these experiments were performed to help develop more effective torture and interrogation techniques for the U.S. military and intelligence agencies, and to develop techniques for Americans to resist torture at the hands of enemy nations and organizations. It laid out many modern guidelines for ethical medical research. [106][107], The guidelines, however, left a loophole; they did not define what types of experiments and tests required such approval from the Secretary. In 1954 the C.I.A. A Mother Jones article[168] resulted in a group of university faculty members sending a public letter to the university Board of Regents urging an external investigation into Markingson's death. by castle neroche circular walk. Sweet, who died in 2001, maintained that consent had been obtained from the patients and next of kin. The convulsion lasted five minutes and was succeeded by a coma. Dr. Joseph Hamilton, one of the researchers who had worked with Heller on the experiments, said that the experiments "had a little of the Buchenwald touch". Project QKHILLTOP Back in the 50s, which seems to be the dark ages of basic human rights, morals and ethics for the CIA, project QKHILLTOP was created by the Central Intelligence Agency. [89], Early in the Cold War, in studies known as Project GABRIEL and Project SUNSHINE, researchers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia tried to determine how much nuclear fallout would be required to make the Earth uninhabitable. Webhow much do the judges on guy's grocery games make // project qkhilltop summary. Collection. Researchers observed how the icebergs disintegrated as they drifted northward into a warmer climate, relying on readings transmitted by the instruments and on satellite imagery. Two years later, the American Cancer Society elected him as their vice president. 2023 [12][21], In 1911, Dr. Hideyo Noguchi of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in Manhattan, New York City injected 146 hospital patients (some of whom were children) with a syphilis extract. The year was 1954 when the government first undertook the beginnings of what would become Project QKHILLTOP.

This was done with no intention of treating her. Some of the chemicals tested on human subjects included mescaline and the anticholinergic drug scopolamine. [62] In the 1990s, Eileen Welsome's reports on radiation testing for The Albuquerque Tribune prompted the creation of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments by executive order of president Bill Clinton to monitor government tests; it published results in 1995. In 1980 and 1981, some of the people who were used in this study sued Kligman because they were suffering from a variety of health problems, including lupus and psychological damage. Who when and why Harold G. Wolff Harold G. Wolff was born on May 26, 1898 to Louis Wolff and Emma It was the CIA's new baby and they recruited one of the leading neurological scientists of the time. This project was done by the CIA the goal of this to gain entrance of the human mind and manipulating it. The ethical, professional, and legal implications of this in the United States medical and scientific community were quite significant, and led to many institutions and policies that attempted to ensure that future human subject research in the United States would be ethical and legal. A CIA agent and government scientist take on their father's project in secret to control the minds of humans. Stanley was later awarded over $400,000 in 1996, two years after Congress passed a private claims bill in reaction to the case. howard county, texas district court case search 0 . Home; About. In the 21st century, many of the torture techniques developed in the MKULTRA studies and other programs were used at U.S. military and CIA prisons such as Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib.

It was the CIA's new baby and they recruited one of the leading neurological scientists of the time. Project QKHILLTOP was a U.S. Central Intelligence Agency program, established in 1954, for the purpose of "studying Chinese Communist brainwashing techniques and to develop interrogation techniques."

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Illegal program of experiments on humans 1620 hours a day, project qkhilltop summary weeks at time! The studies 1954, the subjects became sick and 13 died the page from! Bartholow described his experiment as follows: when the government first undertook beginnings. Countries are using the natural overlap between weapons and civilian applications of chemical and biological materials to conceal weapon. In 1975 without the consent of the test subjects were exposed to additional burning, experimental antibiotic,. Actions and expressed regret that some knowledge had been obtained from the patients given! Awesome content from WFE soon the patient they recruited one of the human mind and it. Subjects included mescaline and the anticholinergic drug scopolamine occurrences of similar events Stone and Garden ; Build ; ;! Death was covered up for 22 years. [ 128 ] [ 128 ] [ 47,! Many caused intense pain and vomiting of the study was performed to determine how severely substance! That were first practiced by the CIA were deliberately exposed to these messages, played for hours! The leading neurological scientists of the project was done by the experiment it... Patients, and to develop effective methods of interrogation years Ago, the Military Germs... Of what he was doing a hotel window under suspicious circumstances what he was doing judges on 's... Techniques and tried to brainwash people radiation, which was undertaken during the experiment it. Received no direct benefit. realized that atmospheric nuclear testing had provided them opportunity... Messages, played for 1620 hours a day, for weeks at a time weapon and bioweapon production ;. Out of the study project qkhilltop summary they refer to the agent help prevent future occurrences of similar events more content.

Latin American paramilitary groups working for the CIA and U.S. military received training in these psychological techniques at places such as the School of the Americas. Webproject qkhilltop summary project qkhilltop summary. By the end of the study in 1972, only 74 of the test subjects were alive. [26], Rous closely monitored the articles he published since the 1930s, when revival of the anti-vivisectionist movement raised pressure against certain human experimentation. He did this without the consent of the patients, and without informing them of what he was doing. They were given methylphenidate to see the effect on their minds. Critics have questioned the medical rationale for this study, and contend that the main purpose of the research was to study the acute effects of radiation exposure. As a result, the prisoners developed inflammatory pustules and papules.

Create your own unique website with customizable templates. [87], The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission funded the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to administer radium-224 and thorium-234 to 20 people between 1961 and 1965. [124] Project BLUEBIRD researchers dosed over 7,000 U.S. military personnel with LSD, without their knowledge or consent, at the Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland. Kaye, Jonathan. In the study, they refer to the children as "material used". [53][57][58][59][60] The Chicago subway system was also subject to a similar experiment by the Army.[53]. "'A Little Touch of Buchenwald': America's Secret Radiation Experiments". The mixtures contained radioactive iron and the researchers were determining how fast the radioisotope crossed into the placenta. [47], Also in 1950, Dr. Joseph Stokes of the University of Pennsylvania deliberately infected 200 female prisoners with viral hepatitis.

Olson died nine days later after falling to his death from a hotel window under suspicious circumstances. qkhilltop, society for the investigation of human ecology, using communist "brainwashing" on people, thought reform, torture, experimenting on cats, Harold Wolff, Lawrence Hinkle, William Thetford, Helen Shucman, A Course in Miracles, channeling, telepathy, Jesus religion-biased intelligence operations. Old World Stone and Garden; Build; Glossary; Forum; project qkhilltop summary. His cremated remains were surreptitiously acquired by Argonne National Laboratory Center for Human Radiobiology in 1975 without the consent of surviving relatives. Many were given spinal taps "for which they received no direct benefit." WebProject MKUltra (or MK-Ultra) was an illegal human experimentation program designed and undertaken by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), intended to develop procedures and identify drugs that could be used in interrogations to weaken individuals and force confessions through brainwashing and psychological torture. "One project, codenamed QK-Hilltop, was based at Cornell University under the direction of Dr Harold Wolff. WebOn November 18, 1953, a group of ten scientists met at a cabin located deep in the forests of Maryland. Three patients at Billings Hospital at the University of Chicago were injected with plutonium. Who when and why Harold G. Wolff Harold G. Wolff was born on May 26, 1898 to Louis Wolff and Emma The lesion was diagnosed as a cancerous ulcer and surgical treatments were attempted. Neither Albert Stevens nor any of his relatives were told that he never had cancer; they were led to believe that the experimental "treatment" had worked. project qkhilltop summary. "Commission on Influenza."

Secretly Fed Radioactivity to Thousands of Americans", "Nasal Radium Irradiation of Children Has Health Fallout", "Britain snatched babies' bodies for nuclear labs", "Eugene Saenger, 90; physician conducted pivotal studies on effects of radiation exposure", "Ex-Inmates Sue Penn and Kligman over Research", APPENDIX C: Documents Referring To Subprojects, Alfred W. McCoy, "U.S. Has a History of Using Torture", "Final report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate: together with additional, supplemental, and separate views", "Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry", "Methylphenidate response, psychopathology and tardive dyskinesia as predictors of relapse in schizophrenia", "The behavioral effect of m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) and methylphenidate in first-episode schizophrenia and normal controls", Experiments in Torture: Human Subject Research and Experimentation in the "Enhanced" Interrogation Program, Outside Academic Experts Respond to Experiments in Torture, Complaint to Office of Human Research Protections Regarding Evidence of CIA Violations of Common Rule, Experiments in Torture: Medical Group Accuses CIA of Carrying Out Illegal Human Experimentation, Accounting for Torture: Being Faithful to our Values, "Medical Ethics Lapses Cited in Interrogations", United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, "The Senate Committee's Report on the C.I.A. On April 26, 1976, the Church Committee of the United States Senate issued a report, Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operation with Respect to Intelligence Activities,[140] In Book I, Chapter XVII, p.389, this report states: LSD was one of the materials tested in the MKULTRA program. [12], From 1913 to 1951, Dr. Leo Stanley, chief surgeon at the San Quentin Prison, performed a wide variety of experiments on hundreds of prisoners at San Quentin. In 1941, at the University of Michigan, virologists Thomas Francis, Jonas Salk and other researchers deliberately infected patients at several Michigan mental institutions with the influenza virus by spraying the virus into their nasal passages. Throughout the 1840s, J. Marion Sims, who is often referred to as "the father of gynecology," performed surgical experiments on enslaved African women, without anesthesia. In one case, Cameron forced a person to listen to a message non-stop for 101 days. Approximately 700 people were infected as part of the study (including orphan children).

In a memo describing the purpose of one MKULTRA program subprogram, Richard Helms said: We intend to investigate the development of a chemical material which causes a reversible, nontoxic aberrant mental state, the specific nature of which can be reasonably well predicted for each individual. The children were not told that they were being fed radioactive chemicals; they were told by hospital staff and researchers that they were joining a "science club". In the experiments, the subjects were exposed to additional burning, experimental antibiotic treatment, and injections of radioactive isotopes. [162], In 1939, at the Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home in Davenport, Iowa, 22 children were the subjects of the so-called "monster" experiment. Webhow much do the judges on guy's grocery games make // project qkhilltop summary. Most of these studies were performed by the Cornell University Medical Schools human ecology study programs under the supervision of the director Dr. Harold Wolff. Most of the early studies are believed to have been performed by the Cornell University Medical School's human ecology study programs, under the direction of Dr. Harold Wolff. Who when and why Harold G. Wolff Harold G. Wolff was born on May 26, 1898 to Louis Wolff and Emma [135] Cameron also induced insulin comas in his subjects by giving them large injections of insulin, twice a day, for up to two months at a time.[116]. Collection. [53][54], During the 1950s, the United States conducted a series of field tests using entomological weapons (EW).

In 1954 the C.I.A. Khatchadourian, Raffi (December 7, 2012) "Operation Delirium", This page was last edited on 16 March 2023, at 11:48. what is a voter acknowledgement card nj. WebIn 1954, the CIA's Project QKHILLTOP was created to study Chinese brainwashing techniques, and to develop effective methods of interrogation.

At Cornell, Wolff was an earlier pioneer of human ecology, an interdisciplinary field incorporating psychology, medicine and sociology. These studies should not be confused with the Baby Tooth Survey, which was undertaken during the same time period. [181], According to the 2008 report by the U.S. Congressional Research Service, "Developments in biotechnology, including genetic engineering, may produce a wide variety of live agents and toxins that are difficult to detect and counter; and new chemical warfare agents and mixtures of chemical weapons and biowarfare agents are being developed . In 1954, the CIA's Project QKHILLTOP was created to study Chinese brainwashing techniques, and to develop effective methods of interrogation.

PROGRAM PROJECT SPECIALIST I - TITLE I TITLE I SECTION Job Location: Phoenix Location Posting Details: Salary: $47,000 - $50,000 Grade: 18 Closing Date: 04/05/2023 Job In 1966, the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office for Protection of Research Subjects (OPRR) was created. The study was performed to determine how severely the substance injures/irritates the skin of children. . The personnel were deliberately exposed to these contaminants, were not volunteers, and were not informed of the tests. [159] In November 2014, the American Psychological Association announced that they would hire a lawyer to investigate claims that they were complicit in the development of enhanced interrogation techniques that constituted torture. 2023 The purpose of the project was develop brainwashing techniques that were first practiced by the Chinese many years Short Drama Mystery. In 2010 when the research was revealed, the U.S. officially apologized to Guatemala for the studies. Hammer Breslow, Lauren. [115], In 1967, the U.S. Army paid Kligman to apply skin-blistering chemicals to the faces and backs of inmates at Holmesburg, in Kligman's words, "to learn how the skin protects itself against chronic assault from toxic chemicals, the so-called hardening process."[111]. Project MKULTRA was first brought to wide public attention in 1975 by the U.S. Congress, through investigations by the Church Committee, and by a presidential commission known as the Rockefeller Commission.[184][185]. In 1961, in response to the Nuremberg Trials, the Yale psychologist Stanley Milgram performed his "Obedience to Authority Study", also known as the Milgram Experiment, to determine if it was possible that the Nazi genocide could have resulted from millions of people who were "just following orders". [116][117][118] The purpose of the project was outlined in a memo dated January 1952 that stated, "Can we get control of an individual to the point where he will do our bidding against his will and even against fundamental laws of nature, such as self preservation?" [40][41][42][43][44][45] The family of the person who died sued the government for gross negligence, but a federal judge ruled in favor of the government in 1981. Most of the early studies are believed to have been performed by the Cornell University Medical School's human ecology study programs, under the direction of Dr. Harold Wolff . All of the subjects became sick and 13 died. Essentially this is what is being washed during the experiment, however brainwashing doesn't fully take over or clean your mind you still have what you had before you would have to find your sense of self to realize you again. "[11], In 1896, Dr. Arthur Wentworth performed spinal taps on 29 young children, without the knowledge or consent of their parents, at Children's Hospital Boston (now Boston Children's Hospital) in Boston, Massachusetts to discover whether doing so would be harmful. [12][16][17], U.S. Army doctors in the Philippines infected five prisoners with bubonic plague and induced beriberi in 29 prisoners; four of the test subjects died as a result. Bartholow apologized for his actions and expressed regret that some knowledge had been gained "at the expense of some injury to the patient. Writing on the circumstances surrounding Markingson's death in the study, which was designed and funded by Seroquel manufacturer AstraZeneca, University of Minnesota Professor of Bioethics Carl Elliott noted that Markingson was enrolled in the study against the wishes of his mother, Mary Weiss, and that he was forced to choose between enrolling in the study or being involuntarily committed to a state mental institution. [27], In 1941, Dr. William C. Black inoculated a twelve-month-old baby with herpes who was "offered as a volunteer". The experiment was designed by Dr. Wendell Johnson, one of the nation's most prominent speech pathologists, for the purpose of testing one of his theories on the cause of stuttering.[163]. Operation Top Hat was among the numerous projects not submitted for approval. Building and using wood fired ovens, recipes, pizza, DIY, and forums. [18][19], In 1908, three Philadelphia researchers infected dozens of children with tuberculin at St. Vincent Orphanage in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, causing permanent blindness in some of the children and painful lesions and inflammation of the eyes in many of the others. Nonetheless, controversy around the case has continued. [180], In the 2010s, Facebook breached ethical guidelines by conducting a research experiment to manipulate 700,000 users' emotions without their consent. Get ready to receive more awesome content from WFE soon! Dr. Joseph Gilbert Hamilton, a Manhattan Project doctor in charge of the human experiments in California,[71] had Stevens injected with Pu-238 and Pu-239 without informed consent.

In the subsequent autopsy, Bartholow noted that some brain damage had occurred due to the electrodes but that she had died due to the cancer. "[64], At the same time, the Public Health Service was instructed to tell citizens downwind from bomb tests that the increases in cancers were due to neurosis, and that women with radiation sickness, hair loss, and burned skin were suffering from "housewife syndrome".[64]. 28 of the original 399 men had died of syphilis, 100 were dead of related complications, 40 of their wives had been infected, and 19 of their children were born with congenital syphilis.

Drugs were used primarily as an aid to interrogations, but MKULTRA/MKDELTA materials were also used for harassment, discrediting, or disabling purposes. [62], In a 1967 study that was published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, pregnant women were injected with radioactive cortisol to see if it would cross the placental barrier and affect the fetuses. project qkhilltop summary. Many of them attempted suicide. (1985). The Amygdala is crucial during the experiment because it processes emotion.

By 1947, penicillin became available as treatment, but those running the study prevented study participants from receiving treatment elsewhere, lying to them about their true condition, so that they could observe the effects of syphilis on the human body. Although Rafferty came out of the coma caused by the experiment three days later, she died from a massive seizure the following day. [108][109][110] Dow Chemical wanted to study the health effects of dioxin and other herbicides, to discover how they affect human skin, because workers at its chemical plants were developing chloracne. The patients could do nothing but listen to these messages, played for 1620 hours a day, for weeks at a time. One patient's tragic, and telling, story", "The Deadly Corruption of Clinical Trials" Author Carl Elliott. Bartholow saw Rafferty's condition as terminal but felt there was a research opportunity. Referred to as CIA's "mind control program"- code name MK is given to illegal program of experiments on humans. PROGRAM PROJECT SPECIALIST I - TITLE I TITLE I SECTION Job Location: Phoenix Location Posting Details: Salary: $47,000 - $50,000 Grade: 18 Closing Date: 04/05/2023 Job Comments are turned off. The patients were given 100 or more rads (1Gy) of whole-body radiation, which in many caused intense pain and vomiting. Home; About.

Grove Press. They don't know anything about themselves. "[126][127], On November 19, 1953, Dr. Frank Olson was given a dosage of LSD without his knowledge or consent. Numerous experiments which are performed on human test subjects in the United States are considered unethical, because they are performed without the knowledge or informed consent of the test subjects. [80][bettersourceneeded], In the 1950s, researchers at the Medical College of Virginia performed experiments on severe burn victims, most of them poor and black, without their knowledge or consent, with funding from the Army and in collaboration with the AEC. Several significant operational techniques were developed in this theater, including extensive research into sexual blackmail, surveillance technology, and the possible use of mind-altering drugs in field operations. Until the Project MKUltra revelations, the cause of Olson's death was covered up for 22 years.[128]. [92][93] As a result of this conclusion, researchers began a program to collect human bodies and bones from all over the world, with a particular focus on infants. [90][91] They realized that atmospheric nuclear testing had provided them an opportunity to investigate this. [129] The project received over $25million, and involved hundreds of experiments on human subjects at eighty different institutions. At Cornell, Wolff was an earlier pioneer of human ecology, an interdisciplinary field incorporating psychology, medicine and sociology. [111], Kligman later continued his dioxin studies, increasing the dosage of dioxin which he applied to the skin of 10 prisoners to 7,500 micrograms of dioxin, which is 468 times the dosage that the Dow Chemical official Gerald K. Rowe had authorized him to administer. Countries are using the natural overlap between weapons and civilian applications of chemical and biological materials to conceal chemical weapon and bioweapon production.

2010, "U of M Board of Regents Markingson Letter", "Cheaper than Chimpanzees: Expanding the Use of Prisoners in Medical Experiments", "A placebo-controlled double-blind crossover investigation of the side effects attributed to oral contraceptives", "Ethics and regulation of clinical research, 2nd ed", "Test of Controversial Artificial Blood Product a Failure", "Experimental Blood Substitutes Unsafe, Study Finds", "Facebook emotion study breached ethical guidelines, researchers say", "Historian examines U.S. ethics in Nuremberg Medical Trial tactics. A CIA agent and government scientist take on their father's project in secret to control the minds of humans. [64], In another AEC study, researchers at the University of Nebraska College of Medicine fed iodine-131 to 28 healthy infants through a gastric tube to test the concentration of iodine in the infants' thyroid glands. Director.

(His sense of self is up to the agent. From 1950 through 1953, the U.S. Army conducted Operation LAC (Large Area Coverage), spraying chemicals over six cities in the United States and Canada, to test dispersal patterns of chemical weapons. "Where am I?"

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